affect用法,affect形式

The debate over spanking goes back many years, but the essential question often evades discussion: does spanking actually work? In the short term, yes. You can correct immediate misbehavior with a slap or two on the rear-end or hand. But what about the long-term impact? Can spanking lead to permanent, hidden scars on children years later? (brighttrans.com)

关于打孩子的讨论可以追溯到好多年前，但最本质的问题往往为讨论所回避：打孩子实际上奏效吗？短期来看，是的。你能拍打一两下屁股或者手掌来立即更正孩子们的不守规矩。但长期影响呢？打孩子会在多年后给他们留下永久性的心结么？（深圳翻译网）

On Friday, a sociologist from the University of New Hampshire, Murray Straus, presented a paper at the International Conference on Violence, Abuse and Trauma, in San Diego, suggesting that corporal punishment does leave a long-lasting mark — in the form of lower IQ. Straus, who is 83 and has been studying corporal punishment since 1969, found that kids who were physically punished had up to a five-point lower IQ score than kids who weren't — the more children were spanked, the lower their IQ — and that the effect could be seen not only in individual children, but across entirenations. Among 32 countries Straus studied, in those where spanking was accepted, the average IQ of the survey population was lower than in nations where spanking was rare, the researcher says.

在周五，一位来自新罕普什尔大学的社会学家默里•施特劳斯在圣地亚哥的国际会议上就暴力，虐待和精神创伤发表了一篇论文演说，表示提法确实会留下长久的烙印—表现为低下的智商。今年已经83岁的施特劳斯从1969年便开始研究体罚，发现被体罚的孩子在智商得分上比没有被体罚的孩子低了多达5点—孩子被打得越多，智商越低—这种情况不仅发生在个别孩子身上，而是遍及整个国家。在施特劳斯所研究的32个国家当中，在体罚可以被接受的国家，接受调查人口的平均智商要比体罚罕见的国家的要低，研究者如是说。

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In the U.S., Straus and his colleague Mallie Paschall of the Pacific Institute for Research and uation, looked at 1,510 children — 806 kids ages 2 to 4, and 704 ages 5 to 9 — and found that roughly three-quarters had endured some kind of corporal punishment in the previous two weeks, according to interviews with the mothers. Researchers measured the children's IQ initially, then again four years later. Those kids who hadn't been spanked in the initial survey period scored significantly better on intelligence and achievement tests than those who had been hit. Among the 2-to-4-year-olds, the difference in IQ was five points; among the older kids, there was a 2.8-point gap. That association held after taking into account parental education, income and other environmental factors, says Straus.

在美国，施特劳斯和他来自太平洋研究与评估学会的同事玛丽•帕斯卡尔调查了1510个孩子—806名2到4岁，704名5到9岁—根据对妈妈们的访问，发现大概四分之三的孩子在最近两周内经受了某种体罚。研究者们测试了孩子们最初的智商，4年之后再测了一次。那些没有被打的孩子在智力和成就的首段测试中的得分明显高于那些被打的孩子。在2到4岁年龄组中，智力差距是5点；在稍大的年龄组中，差距是2.8点。这种联系是在考虑了父母的教育，收入和其他环境因素的情况下建立的，施特劳斯说道。

体罚孩子-深圳翻译专家brighttrans.com

So how might getting spanked on the butt actually affect the workings of the brain? Straus notes that being spanked or hit is associated with fright and stress; kids who experience that kind of trauma have a harder time focusing and learning. In another recent paper that he coauthored with Paschall, Straus writes that previous research has found that even after you control for parental education and occupation, children of parents who use corporal punishment are less likely than other kids to graduate from college.

那么为什么打在屁股上会实际影响了脑子的运转呢？施特劳斯提到，拍或打是与惊恐和逼迫相联系的；有过那类经历的孩子会更难集中精神和学习知识。在最近另一篇他与帕斯卡尔共同执笔的文章中，施特劳斯写到先前的研究发现即使抛去父母的教育和职业，那些家长会动用体罚的孩子比起其他孩子会更难从大学毕业。

Still, it's not clear if spanking causes lower cognitive ability or if lower cognitive ability might somehow lead to more spanking. It's quite possible that kids with poor reasoning skills misbehave more often and therefore elicit harsher punishment. "It could be that lower IQ causes parents to get exasperated and hit more," Straus says, although he notes that a recent Duke Universtiy study of low-income families found that toddlers' low mental ability did not predict an increase in spanking. (The study did find, however, that kids who were spanked at age 1 displayed more aggressive behavior by age 2, and scored lower on cognitive development tests by age 3.) "I believe the relationship [between corporal punishment and IQ] is probably bidirectional," says Straus. "There has to be something the kid is doing that's wrong that leads to corporal punishment. The problem is, when the parent does that, it seems to have counterproductive results to cognitive ability in the long term."

台中签署不体罚孩子-深圳翻译网

然而，我们并不清楚到底是体罚造成了低下的认知能力还是低下的认知能力导致了更多的体罚。很有可能感知能力差的孩子更多地犯错从而引来更严厉的惩罚。“有可能低下的智商会激怒父母从而打得更多，”施特劳斯说道，纵然他提到最近一份杜克大学关于低收入家庭的研究，发现学前儿童较低的心智能力不会意味着较多的体罚。（然而该研究发现在1岁时候被体罚的孩子在2岁时会做出更多攻击性的行为，并在3岁参加认知发展测试得分更低。）“我认为这种[体罚和智商之间的]关系是双向性的，”施特劳斯说。“孩子们肯定会做一些能导致体罚的错事。现在问题是，父母打完之后在长期看来似乎会对认知能力产生反作用。”

One problem with Straus' data is that some of the parents who tended to spank may also have been engaging in actual physical abuse of their children. Researchers define corporal punishment as physical force intended to cause pain — but not injury — for the purpose of correcting a child's behavior, not simply hurting him. Studies have shown that very few parents who use corporal punishment also beat their kids, but Straus can't rule out the possibility that his data is confounded by the presence of child abuse, which past research has shown to affect victims' development.

施特劳斯的数据中存在一个问题，就是有些倾向于体罚的家长也涉嫌对他们的孩子进行实际的肉体虐待。研究者们把体罚定义为以纠正儿童行为而不是单纯打击他们为目的的一种会导致痛楚—但非伤害—有意的物理打击。研究表明很少有家长动用体罚的同时也真正地打孩子，但施特劳斯不能排除这种可能性：

他的数据被已虐待儿童的情况所搅乱，过去的研究已经表明该情况会对受害者的发展产生影响。

体罚早教家教好不好-深圳翻译网

The preponderance of evidence points away from corporal punishment, which the European Union and the United Nations have recommended against, but the data suggest that most parents, especially those in the U.S., still spank their kids. Based on his international data, collected by surveying more than 17,000 college students in various countries, Straus found that countries with higher GDP tended to be those where corporal punishment was used less often. In the U.S., the tendency to hit also varies with income, along with geography and culture; it's most common among African-American families, Southern families, parents who were spanked as children themselves and those who identify themselves as conservative Christians. 证据优势战胜了欧联和联合国都不建议的体罚，但数据表明大多数父母，尤其是在美国的，仍会打他们的孩子。基于他调查17000多名大学生收集来的国际数据，施特劳斯发现GDP越高的国家倾向于使用越少的体罚。在美国，体罚倾向同样随着收入，地域和文化的不同而变化；体罚在非裔美国人家庭，南方家庭，家长有童年体罚经历的家庭和那些自称传统基督教徒的家庭中更为常见。

But overall the percentage of parents who spank has been steadily declining. Straus says that in 1968, 94% of Americans told surveyors they agreed with spanking. By 2005, the proportion who said it is "sometimes O.K. to spank a child" had fallen to 72%, although most researchers believe the actual incidence of corporal punishment is higher.

但总体来说，打孩子家长的比重是在稳步下降的。施特劳斯称，在1968年94%的美国人告诉调查者他们赞成体罚。到了2005年，表示“有时候打一下孩子没问题”的受调查者比例已经降到了72%，虽然研究者认为实际的体罚发生率会高一些。

The practice has its defenders, and Straus himself admits, with chagrin in his voice, that he spanked his own son. In the 1990s, the American Academy of Pediatrics underwent a bitter fight before finally declaring in 1998 that "corporal punishment is of limited effectiveness and has potentially deleterious side effects."

（体罚）这种做法还是有其捍卫者，就连施特劳斯自己也用懊恼的语气承认，他会打自己的儿子。在90年代，美国儿科学会在经历了一场苦战之后最终在1998年宣称“体罚效果甚微并有潜在的有害副作用。”

Sometimes spanking seems like the only way to get through to an unruly toddler. But the price for fixing his poor short-term conduct might be an even more troublesome outcome in the future.

(brighttrans.com)

有些时候体罚似乎是与不听话小朋友沟通的唯一方式。但这纠正他错误短期行为的代价可能是未来更加麻烦的后果。（深圳翻译网）

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